Colleges

**Overview** Istanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University is one of the leading private universities in Türkiye, particularly in medical fields. It offers more than 23 medical programs and is located in the Topkapı area of Istanbul. **Establishment** The university was established in 2009 by the Vatan Foundation for Health and Education. It includes 10 faculties, 2 vocational schools, and 3 institutes, distributed across two campuses. **Vision** The university aims to graduate internationally qualified students and to become a leading institution in academic research and scientific activities. **Mission** The university seeks to provide high-quality education across various disciplines through cooperation with experienced institutions. **Advantages** - The university has multiple campuses on the European side of Istanbul and provides modern equipment and technologies for practical training, especially in medical fields. - It also offers student exchange opportunities in 46 European countries through the Erasmus program, - has an international academic staff, and provides education in both Turkish and English. - Additionally, it offers the possibility of pursuing a double major under certain conditions. **Facts & Figures** - The university consists of 10 faculties, - has more than 8,580 students, - employs 471 academic and administrative staff members, - includes more than 49 student clubs, - and offers 23 medical programs. **Accreditation & Recognition** The university is recognized in many European countries as well as in several Arab countries, including Egypt, Yemen, Lebanon, Palestine, Somalia, and Sudan.

About Haliç University Haliç University is one of the private universities in Türkiye that holds a prestigious position in preserving the cultural and historical identity of Istanbul. It has also achieved a high ranking among global universities according to Times Higher Education rankings. Establishment of Haliç University The university was established in 1998 in Istanbul by the Leukemia Foundation for Children. Vision of Haliç University The university aims to be a leading institution in education and science based on its historical and cultural heritage, while developing academic expertise in education and research fields. Mission of Haliç University The university seeks to advance the fields of science, arts, and sports in alignment with local and global values. Advantages of Studying at Haliç University A specialized center offering various courses such as languages, social media, and e-commerce, helping students develop their skills and explore new fields. Membership in the Erasmus student exchange program with multiple agreements with European universities. More than 60 research laboratories, including anatomy and genetics labs. Haliç University in Numbers 12,230+ Students 19,760+ Graduates 484+ Academics 155+ Laboratories and specialized classrooms Accreditations of Haliç University The university is recognized in all European Union countries and in several Arab countries, including Libya, Palestine, Lebanon, Yemen, Egypt, Sudan, and Morocco.

**About Istanbul Bilgi University** Istanbul Bilgi University is one of the most prestigious private universities in Türkiye, with a reputation in education spanning over 27 years. The university focuses on developing curricula and academic plans according to modern and advanced standards. **Establishment of Istanbul Bilgi Universit**y Founded in 1996 by the Bilgi Foundation for Culture and Education in the Eyüp Sultan area of Istanbul, under the motto “Learning for life, not just for studying,” the university campus spans 210,000 square meters. **Vision of Istanbul Bilgi Universit**y The university aims to be an international institution contributing to educational and academic fields, where faculty and students share a passion for knowledge and continuous development, aligning all goals toward this pursuit. **Mission of Istanbul Bilgi University** - Contribute to science, artistic production, and technological advancements. - Develop students with broad horizons, research skills, and problem-solving abilities. **Advantages of Studying at Istanbul Bilgi University** - Strategically located campus in central Istanbul, including historical buildings such as the Energy Museum. - CEA accreditation for English language instruction. - Opportunities to study abroad through exchange agreements with over 260 institutions in 50 countries. - The only university in Türkiye accredited by WSCUC, one of the most prestigious global accreditation bodies. - Ranked third among private universities in Türkiye according to the 2022 report. - Listed in QS rankings for European and East Asian universities. **Istanbul Bilgi University in Numbers** - 7 Faculties - 3 Higher Education Institutes - 150+ Programs - 100+ Student Clubs - 1,000+ Academic Staff - 60,000 Graduates **Accreditations of Istanbul Bilgi University** The university is recognized in all European countries and in several Arab countries including: Egypt, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Jordan, Yemen, Lebanon, Palestine, Somalia, and Sudan.

**About Ibn Haldun University** Ibn Haldun University is named after the renowned thinker and scholar Ibn Khaldun, who left a significant legacy in the field of humanities. The university is a leading institution in scientific research, with an outstanding academic staff certified internationally in teaching. **Establishment of Ibn Haldun University** Founded in 2015, the university began teaching in 2017-2018 in Istanbul. It includes 6 faculties: Faculty of Education, Faculty of Law, Faculty of Communications, Faculty of Islamic Sciences, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, and Faculty of Administrative Sciences. **Vision of Ibn Haldun University** To be a globally respected and effective university, contributing to social sciences through the production of knowledge and academic curricula. **Mission of Ibn Haldun University** The university aims to train researchers to access all sources of knowledge, expanding their horizons for scientific development. **Advantages of Studying at Ibn Haldun University** - Offers numerous scholarships, especially for first-year students. - Strategically located in Başakşehir, home to a large Arab community in Istanbul. - Ranked first among newly established universities offering full scholarships. - Distinguished academic staff focused on enhancing students’ research skills. **Ibn Haldun University Campuses** Başakşehir Campus Fatih - Süleymaniye Campus Bakırköy Campus

**About Fenerbahçe University** Fenerbahçe University is a distinguished private university in Türkiye, offering high-quality education with a focus on modern scientific developments and digital technologies. **Establishment of Fenerbahçe University** The university was established in 2016 in Türkiye by the Fenerbahçe Sports Club. **Vision of Fenerbahçe University** The university aims to achieve professional competence through student-centered education that emphasizes modern scientific developments and digital technology methods to compete with top global universities. **Mission of the University** The university seeks to integrate creative thinking with academic studies and scientific research to develop students who are competitive, confident, intellectually capable, and productive. **Advantages of Studying at Fenerbahçe University** - Education through a strong academic staff and research-oriented project-based teaching. - Opportunities for internships and work during studies via collaboration with Medicana Group. - Modern curricula aligned with international educational standards. - An international brand combining global recognition with a historical legacy of over 112 years. - Strategically located in central Istanbul with easy access via public and private transport. - Support for student clubs to nurture creativity, entrepreneurship, and social-cultural development. **Languages of Instruction at Fenerbahçe University** English and Turkish are the primary languages of instruction. Turkish Language Center for foreign students to learn the language and explore Turkish culture and heritage. English preparatory program with expert faculty to enhance students’ language skills. **Accreditations of Fenerbahçe University** The university is accredited by the Ministry of Higher Education in Türkiye, recognized across all EU countries, and acknowledged in most Arab countries including: Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Lebanon, Sudan, and Morocco.

**Establishment of Bilkent University** Bilkent University was established in 1984 by the İhsan Doğramacı Foundation in Ankara. It was founded as an educational and research center consisting of 3 graduate institutes and 10 faculties. **Vision** To be a leading university in education and research, recognized by the academic community. To develop students’ critical thinking and problem-solving skills across disciplines. **Mission** Bilkent University aims to create an exemplary educational environment based on intellectual advancement across all sciences and disciplines. **Advantages of Studying at Bilkent University** - One of the first universities in Turkey to receive full accreditation from the Higher Education Quality Council (THEQC). - A leading institution in scientific research and cultural/artistic activities. - Among the top universities in terms of research publications. - Well-equipped laboratories for practical training across disciplines. - 5 research centers with full facilities. - About 26% of academic staff are international faculty from more than 39 countries. - A career center (established in 1988) supporting graduates in finding employment opportunities. - A large library with: 516,765 printed books 1,182,828 e-books 220 printed journals 88,692 electronic journals - A health center operating 24/7 during weekdays. **Bilkent University in Numbers** - 55,000 graduates - 3 graduate institutes - 10 faculties - 29 undergraduate programs - 60 graduate programs - 347+ international exchange agreements - 90+ student clubs **Accreditations** Bilkent University is recognized in European countries and in many Arab countries including Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, UAE, Egypt, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, and Algeria.

**About Istanbul Kent University** Istanbul Kent University is one of the most well-known private non-profit universities in Türkiye. It provides high-quality education based on international curricula and academic plans. **Establishment of Istanbul Kent University** Founded in 2016 in Istanbul by the Education Without Barriers Foundation, the university includes 4 faculties: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Design, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Faculty of Dentistry. **Vision of Istanbul Kent University** The university aims to train students who are confident, work according to national and cultural values, and are capable of competing in both national and international fields. **Mission of the University** Provide sustainable solutions to societal problems in Türkiye. Be the primary choice for education not only for students in Türkiye but also for students worldwide. **Advantages of Studying at Istanbul Kent University** - A campus with over 56 classrooms equipped with the latest technologies. - Opportunity to study an additional major free of charge. - Possibility to study abroad for a semester or full academic year through the Erasmus program. - A large library with extensive books, references, and research papers. **Istanbul Kent University in Numbers** - 3,000+ Students - 60 Programs - 219 Academic Staff - 39 Laboratories - 8 Research Centers - 4 Faculties - 2 Vocational Schools

**About Istanbul Kültür University** Istanbul Kültür University is one of the most renowned private universities in Türkiye, comprising 8 faculties and 2 vocational schools. The university’s programs are based on strong curricula developed according to international standards. **Establishment of Istanbul Kültür University** Founded in 1997 in Istanbul by the Kültür Educational Foundation, one of the oldest educational institutions in Türkiye. **Vision of Istanbul Kültür University** To be a leading university locally and internationally in higher education, scientific research, and community service. **Mission of Istanbul Kültür University** To provide exemplary education that equips students with professional and creative critical thinking skills. **Advantages of Studying at Istanbul Kültür University** - A campus equipped with the latest devices and facilities for high-quality education. - Opportunity to study an additional major alongside the primary field for free. - Support for student projects and an environment that aligns with their goals through courses and cultural lectures. - Advanced infrastructure for scientific research and studies across all fields. **Accreditations of Istanbul Kültür University** The university is accredited in all European countries and in some Arab countries, including: Egypt, Yemen, Lebanon, Palestine, Somalia, and Sudan.

**About Istanbul Okan University** Istanbul Okan University is one of the smaller yet most dynamic universities in Türkiye. Established under the motto "The University Closest to Real Life," it provides students with internship opportunities during their studies to develop practical skills. The university also collaborates with numerous companies and institutions to secure employment opportunities for graduates. **Establishment of Istanbul Okan University** Founded in 1999 by the Okan Foundation for Culture, Education, and Sports, the university began teaching in the 2003-2004 academic year. It includes several faculties such as: Faculty of Economics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Faculty of Architecture, and the Institute of Social Sciences. Vision of Istanbul Okan University To be an innovative and leading "global university" that meets the needs of society and the business world according to international and professional standards. **Mission of Istanbul Okan University** - Develop new and innovative teaching methods aligned with technological advancements. - Graduate students with analytical thinking, critical reasoning, and problem-solving skills. - Contribute to science, arts, and culture through research and studies. - Prioritize human values, ethics, and social responsibility. **Advantages of Studying at Istanbul Okan University** - Large campus with modern facilities (classrooms, medical labs, offices, event halls). - Student counseling sessions through the OPDEM Psychological Counseling Center. - Health clinic providing medical care to students, with 24/7 ambulance service. **Istanbul Okan University in Numbers** - 10 Faculties - 56 Undergraduate Programs - 43 Associate Degree Programs - 121 Graduate Programs - 21 PhD Programs - 35,788 Graduates - 65,938 Printed Books in Library - 534,000 E-Books - 25,557 Students participated in internships **Accreditations of Istanbul Okan University** The university is recognized across all European Union countries and in several Arab countries including: Libya, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Yemen, Egypt, Iraq, and Morocco.

**About Sultan Mehmet Fatih University (Waqf Private University)** Sultan Mehmet Fatih University is a non-profit waqf university with campuses distributed across both the Asian and European sides of Istanbul. **Establishment of Sultan Mehmet Fatih University** Founded in 2010 by several waqf foundations: Fatih Sultan Mehmet Khan Foundation Sinan Agha bin Abdul Rahman Foundation Nurbanu Valide Sultan Foundation Hatis Sultan Foundation Abdullah Oglu Haji Abdul Aziz Agha Foundation Vision of Sultan Mehmet Fatih University The university aims to be an innovative academic institution providing world-class education while conducting research and studies that contribute to science and societal development. Mission of Sultan Mehmet Fatih University Equip students with critical thinking skills and creative problem-solving abilities. Continuously improve students’ personal and practical skills. Respect human and ethical values and contribute individually to the educational and scientific fields. Advantages of Studying at Sultan Mehmet Fatih University Academic staff with international experience from diverse nationalities. Instruction in three languages: Arabic, English, and Turkish. Six strategically located campuses throughout Istanbul. Student exchange opportunities with leading European universities via Erasmus program. International accreditations for various programs from renowned educational institutions. Use of advanced technological tools to enhance the learning process. Sultan Mehmet Fatih University in Numbers 14,000 students 8 faculties 20 research centers 6 libraries 90,000 printed books 242 e-books Accreditations of Sultan Mehmet Fatih University The university is accredited in all European Union countries and recognized in several Arab countries, including Libya, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Yemen, Egypt, and Morocco.

**About Beykent University** Beykent University is one of the most well-known private universities in Türkiye, with a prestigious educational reputation spanning over 25 years. The university has 4 campuses located in strategic and prominent areas of Istanbul. **Establishment of Beykent University** Founded in 1997 in the Beylikdüzü district of Istanbul by the Beykent Educational Foundation, the university includes 9 faculties and 3 vocational schools. **Vision of Beykent University** To be a leading institution in education both nationally and internationally. **Mission of Beykent University** To train students to use and harness technology for the benefit of society while adhering to ethical values. **Advantages of Studying at Beykent University** - 4 strategically located campuses across the Asian and European sides of Istanbul. - Strong emphasis on scientific research with 12 research centers equipped with the latest devices and tools. - Student dormitories near the university equipped with all necessary study facilities. - Equal opportunities for students with special needs in academic achievement and participation in social and cultural activities. - Large library with references, books, and research papers. **Beykent University in Numbers** - 30,000 students - 70,000 graduates - 4 campuses - 10 faculties - 12 research centers - 64 Undergraduate Programs - 77 Associate Programs - 104 Student Clubs **Accreditations of Beykent University** The university is recognized in all European countries and in several Arab countries including: Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Yemen, Sudan, Libya, and Morocco.

**About Istanbul Topkapi University** Istanbul Topkapi University is one of the most well-known private universities in Türkiye, holding a high reputation among Turkish universities due to its experienced academic staff and use of the latest educational technologies. **Establishment of Topkapi University** Founded in 2016 as Ivan Saray University by the Ivan Saray Educational Foundation in the Blat district of Istanbul. In 2022, the university was renamed Istanbul Topkapi University. **Vision of Istanbul Topkapi University** The university aims to adopt contemporary global values, integrate them with local values, and continuously develop them. **Mission of Topkapi University** To be a distinguished center in art and design, building on scientific and social values while combining historical location and cultural heritage. **Advantages of Studying at Istanbul Topkapi University** - Campus with spacious halls equipped with the latest technological tools. - Strong focus on scientific research, with research centers equipped with modern devices and tools. - Campuses contain large offices with useful scientific books and references. - Graduate support through the university’s Career and Training Center for job and internship opportunities. - Opportunity to study abroad for a semester or academic year through the Erasmus student exchange program. **Istanbul Topkapi University in Numbers** - 10,259 graduates - 8,168 students - 14 Master’s programs - 12 Bachelor’s programs - 38 Associate programs - 5 faculties - 34 laboratories - 35 student clubs - 4 campuses - +65 student clubs **Accreditations of Istanbul Topkapi University** The university is accredited in all European countries and recognized in several Arab countries, including Egypt, Yemen, and Somalia

**About Sabahattin Zaim University** Sabahattin Zaim University is a private non-profit waqf university and one of the most well-known private universities in Türkiye. It is located in the historic Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine building dating back to 1892 in Istanbul. **Establishment of Sabahattin Zaim University** Founded in 2010 by the Knowledge Spreading Waqf, the university comprises 8 faculties: Education, Law, Humanities and Social Sciences, Islamic Sciences, Administrative Sciences, Engineering and Natural Sciences, Health Sciences, and Sports Sciences. **Vision of Sabahattin Zaim University** To be an internationally recognized research university with outstanding academic and infrastructural capabilities and ranked among the top five universities in Türkiye. **Mission of Sabahattin Zaim University** To cultivate leaders who contribute to the creation and development of knowledge benefiting humanity and society while upholding ethical and social values. **Advantages of Studying at Sabahattin Zaim University** - Over 15 research centers equipped with the latest devices, technologies, and global expertise. - Innovative and exemplary curriculum for social, human, and engineering sciences. - Instruction in both English and Turkish. - Free psychological and intellectual support services through the university’s counseling unit. - Support for students with special needs, including comprehensive psychological and physical assistance by specialists. **Sabahattin Zaim University in Numbers** - 2,231 international students - 7,483 students - 2,921 Master’s students - 38 Bachelor’s programs - 70 Master’s programs - 22 PhD programs - 16 research centers **Accreditations of Sabahattin Zaim University** The university is accredited in all European countries and recognized in some Arab countries including Yemen, Sudan, Libya, Egypt, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, and Morocco.

**Establishment of Kadir Has University** Kadir Has University was established in 1997 in the Fatih district of Istanbul by engineer Abdul Kadir Has, one of the most prominent philanthropists who dedicated his life to education and continuous development in science, achieving many accomplishments in education and healthcare. **Vision** The university aims to train students to develop and produce sustainable solutions to local, national, regional, and global challenges facing humanity, through an approach based on universal human values and equipped with individual and professional competencies. **Mission** Educating students through a research-oriented approach equipped with the competencies required by the modern era. Encouraging students to produce sustainable solutions to various global and societal challenges. Developing an institutional structure based on continuous improvement in all services provided to students, staff, and society. Establishing a financial structure that supports strategic goals and ensures sustainability. **Advantages of Studying at Kadir Has University** - Adoption of international standards in developing curricula based on modern needs. - Opportunity to study a double major free of charge. - Availability of a career center and psychological counseling services to support students. - Most programs are taught in English. - Opportunity to study abroad for one semester or a full academic year through the Erasmus exchange program, with partnerships with 210 universities in 47 countries. **Kadir Has University in Numbers** - 4,849 undergraduate students - 546 master’s students - 255 PhD students - 5 faculties - 23 undergraduate programs - 54 master’s programs - 14 PhD programs - 21 applied laboratories - 303 academic staff **Accreditations** Kadir Has University is recognized in European countries and in several Arab countries, including Yemen, Sudan, Libya, Egypt, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, and Morocco.

**Establishment of Esenyurt University** Esenyurt University was established in 2013 by the Yeşilköy Foundation for Education, Culture, and Health. It is located in the Esenyurt district of Istanbul. The university includes 4 main faculties: Faculty of Business and Administrative Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts, Faculty of Social Sciences, and Faculty of Health Sciences. **Vision** The vision of Esenyurt University is to become a leading institution that produces unique knowledge through a multidisciplinary and globally oriented educational approach, preparing students with the skills needed to serve society and build the future. **Mission** The university aims to graduate students who contribute to scientific and technological development, possess an entrepreneurial spirit, and demonstrate a strong sense of social responsibility in areas needed by society. **Advantages of Studying at Esenyurt University** - Modern and well-equipped student housing. - A large library with over 16,000 books. - 3 research centers: - Continuing Education Research and Application Center - Distance Education Center - Language Teaching Research and Application Center - Opportunity to study abroad for one semester or a full academic year through student exchange programs. **Esenyurt University in Numbers** - 10,544 graduates - 6,020 students - 1,030 international students - 26 undergraduate programs - 27 associate degree programs - 15 master’s programs - 42 student clubs - 30 laboratories **Accreditations** Esenyurt University is recognized in European countries and in several Arab countries, including Yemen, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Jordan, and Lebanon.

**Establishment of Işık University** Işık University was established in 1996 by the Feyziye Schools Foundation. It has two campuses located in Şile and Maslak in Istanbul. **Vision** Işık University considers academic production a top priority and aligns all its goals and plans with this objective, while adopting a high-level administrative approach in managing and developing talents. **Mission** The university aims to graduate students who can understand and adapt to changes in society and the world, while keeping up with technological advancements. **Advantages of Studying at Işık University** As one of the accredited and leading universities, Işık University offers several advantages, including: - Strong focus on scientific research through advanced research centers equipped with modern technologies. - A large library containing more than 67,273 printed books and 664,043 e-books, supporting students’ academic and cultural development. - Instruction in both English and Turkish. - Membership in the Erasmus student exchange program, allowing students to study abroad for one or two semesters. **Işık University in Numbers** - 41 undergraduate programs (4 years) - 16 associate degree programs (2 years) - 33 master’s programs - 6 PhD programs - 15,540 graduates - 6,816 students - 934 international students - 562 academic staff - 81 Erasmus agreements **Campuses of Işık University** Şile Campus: The main campus in Istanbul, hosting all faculties and departments, as well as the preparatory program. Maslak Campus: Located in Maslak, Istanbul, dedicated to graduate studies programs. **Accreditations** Işık University is recognized in European countries and in several Arab countries, including Yemen, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Jordan, Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, and Morocco.

**Establishment of Istanbul Gedik University** Istanbul Gedik University was established in 2010 in the Kartal district of Istanbul by engineer Khalil Kaya, who received several awards during his professional career. **Vision** The university aims to be an innovative global institution that produces knowledge and value, and educates individuals who can shape the future through distinguished academic staff and sustainable education programs. **Mission** To be an educational and research university that produces global values by applying scientific knowledge for the benefit of humanity, nature, and technology. **Advantages of Studying at Istanbul Gedik University** - A modern campus equipped with the latest educational technologies and facilities. - Comprehensive support (educational, cultural, sports, and health) for students with special needs through the Active Life Center on campus. - More than 23 research centers dedicated to scientific research and practical applications. - Opportunity to study in Europe for one semester or a full academic year through the Erasmus exchange program. **Accreditations** Istanbul Gedik University is recognized in European countries and in several Arab countries, including Egypt, Jordan (for bachelor’s degree), Yemen, Lebanon, Palestine, Somalia, and Sudan.

**Introduction to Koç University** Koç University is one of the leading private universities in Turkey. With over 22 years of experience, it has become a prominent institution known for its significant contributions to education and research. **Establishment of Koç University** Koç University was established in 1993 in the Sarıyer district of Istanbul. It includes 7 faculties: Faculty of Medicine Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty of Science Faculty of Law Faculty of Nursing Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences **Vision** Koç University aims to be globally recognized as a leading educational institution through its high-quality education, research programs, and distinguished academic staff. **Mission** To equip students with creative thinking and leadership skills. To contribute to global science by bringing together talented students and distinguished faculty members. **Advantages of Studying at Koç University** - Highly qualified academic staff with international experience. - Advanced educational approach based on global standards. - Strong focus on practical learning through collaborations with leading companies in Turkey. - 4 well-equipped libraries covering various academic fields. - Strong emphasis on research with more than 24 research centers and laboratories. - Opportunity for outstanding students to study a minor (or double specialization) free of charge.

**Establishment of Hasan Kalyoncu University** Under the slogan “Education with you for a lifetime,” Hasan Kalyoncu University was established in 2008 in Gaziantep by the Education and Service Foundation (1980). **Vision** Hasan Kalyoncu University aims to provide innovative and sustainable solutions to social problems from a multidisciplinary international perspective, and to be a nationally and internationally recognized university in science, art, and technology. **Mission** Contributing to the improvement of Turkey’s social and economic development. Educating professionals with critical and constructive thinking skills. Making a difference in academic and administrative management approaches. Becoming a leading university in producing scientific knowledge that contributes globally across various fields. **Advantages of Studying at Hasan Kalyoncu University** - A modern campus with equipped classrooms, sports facilities, cafés, a health center, and free internet access. - More than 16 research centers equipped with advanced technologies. - Instruction is offered in both English and Turkish for selected programs. - A large library containing: - Over 28,000 printed books - 222,523 e-books - A special section for visually impaired students **Hasan Kalyoncu University in Numbers** - 6,289 students - 14,567 graduates - 8 faculties - 16 research centers - 64 student clubs **Accreditations** Hasan Kalyoncu University is recognized in European countries and in several Arab countries including Egypt, Libya, Lebanon, Sudan, Tunisia, and Morocco.